Living Things Notes
Organism- a living thing (horse, cat, frog, flower, mushroom)
Characteristics of Living things
*Cellular organization
Unicellular – made of one cell (bacteria)
Multicellular- made of many cells (dog, human, tree)
*Chemicals of life- cells are made up of water, carbohydrates used as energy source, proteins & lipids build cells, nucleic acids make the genetic material
*Energy use- cells use energy to work – repair injuries, move food, think
*Stimulus-Response- change in surroundings & reaction to it (horn & startled)
*Grow & Develop- get larger and more complex
*Reproduce- make young – Asexual and sexual
Not Spontaneous Generation- mistaken idea that life can come from non-living things- Redi(flies) & Pastuer (bacteria)
Needs
*Water- organisms can live only a few days without. Needed to get chemicals, break down food, grow, move substances in body, and reproduce
*Food- energy source
Autotrophs(Producers)- make their own food (plants make it from the sun)
Heterotrophs(Consumers)- feed on other things (indirectly sun’s energy)
*Living Space- live & get food, water, shelter
*Homeostasis- maintain or keep stable internal conditions
Classification- process of grouping things based on their similarities to make them easier to study
Taxonomy- scientific study of how things are classified
Binomial nomenclature- “2 name” naming system in Latin by Linnaeus
Genus & Species – Felis concolor (puma) Felis domesticus (house cat)
Levels
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Domain |
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya- made of cells with nuclei (see kingdoms) |
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Kingdoms |
protists (paramecium), fungi (mushrooms), plants (moss), animals (frog) |
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Phylum |
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Class |
↑ more in group - less specific & not as closely related |
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Order |
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Family |
↓ fewer in group - more specific & more closely related |
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Genus |
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Species |
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Bacteria /Moneran - prokaryotes (unicellular & no nucleus) –harmful (make you sick) & helpful (cheese) autotrophic and heterotrophic
Archaea - prokaryotes (unicellular
& no nucleus) - found in extreme places –
Protist (paramecium, euglena, amoeba)- single celled with nucleus, autotrophic and heterotrophic
Fungi (mold, mushroom, yeast) usually multicellular with nucleus, heterotrophic (food from decomposing organisms) helpful and harmful
Plant (conifers, flowering plants, ferns, moss) multicellular with nucleus, autotrophic (makes food with chlorophyll in cells)
Animal (insects, sponges, humans) multicellular with nucleus, heterotrophic (eats plants or animals for food)
Chart to Classifying Living Things
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Domain |
Moneran/
bacteria- single celled – no nucleus |
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Archaea
– single celled – no nucleus |
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Eukarya-
multicelluar have nucleus (see kingdoms below) |
|
Kingdom |
Protista (protists) – euglena,
volvox, amoeba, paramecium, protozoans |
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Fungi- mushrooms, yeast, mold |
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Plantae |
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Division |
Bryophytes: Nonvascular reproduce
with spores- Mosses & Liverworts
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Pteridophytes- vascular without seeds - ferns & horse tails |
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↑ |
Spermatophytes- vascular reproduce with Seeds |
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Simple |
-Gymnosperms- reproduce with cones
juniper, hemlock, pine, fir |
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To more |
-Angiosperms- reproduce with flowers |
|
Complex ↓ |
1. Monocots. Flower parts in
3's or multiple; 1 seed part; parallel
leaf venation; includes
Iris, Yucca, orchids, duckweeds,
grasses, & palms. |
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2. Dicots.
Flower parts in 4's or 5's; 2 seed parts; branched or net leaf venation; includes
herbs, shrubs and trees. |
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Animalia (invertebrates) |
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Phylums |
Porifera- sponges – no tissues- reproduce asexually budding |
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Cnidaria - jellyfish, corals, hydra and sea anemones-
tissues but no organs or brain- have symmetry |
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Platyhelminthes-
flatworm, tapeworm,
planarian and fluke - have brain & some systems. Often parasites- have symmetry. Asexual reproduction |
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Nematoda- roundworms,
hookworm, heartworms have systems reproduce sexually |
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Annelida- segmented worms. Earthworms and leeches |
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Arthropoda (exoskeleton) systems & sexual reproduction |
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Class |
-Insecta – grasshopper, beetle, fly- 6 walking legs and some can fly &
compound eyes |
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-Arachnids: spiders, mites, ticks,
scorpions-8 walking legs & simple eyes |
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-Crustaceans: Crabs, crayfish,
lobsters, shrimp, barnacles. Have compound eyes and gills & live in water |
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Mollusca - snails, clams, octopus- soft body & skeleton
like or shells |
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Class |
-Gastropods: snails and slugs. Crawl
on pseudo pod |
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↑ |
-Bivalves-scallops, clams, mussels,
oysters. 2 shells connected by hinge |
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Simple |
-Cephalopods-octopus, squid,
cuttlefish. Live in ocean- no feet, but tentacles.
well-developed eyes & systems. Are smart |
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To more |
-Echinoderms-marine Sand dollars, sea
urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers. Have an endoskeleton |
|
Complex ↓ |
Chordata- Vertebrates
– bone/cartilage. Have paired appendages, large brains, well-developed
sensory structures. |
|
Class |
- Jawless fishes: hagfish, lampreys. no scales, simple cartilage
skeleton |
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-Cartilaginous
fishes: have complex cartilage skeleton Sharks, skates and rays. |
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↑ |
- Bony fishes: sea horses, angler
fish, eels. have bone skeletons & swim bladders.
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|
Simple |
- Amphibians: lay & external fertilizers eggs. live in
water when young & adults on land |
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To more |
-Reptiles –turtle, alligator, snake, lizard-
lay internally fertilized hard
shelled eggs, have tough,
scaly skin - cold blooded |
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Complex ↓ |
-Birds-loon, penguin, hawk, owl,
parrot- lay internally fertilized hard
shelled eggs, legs & feathers
are modified scales. Not all fly! air pockets in skeletons -warm-blooded |
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-Mammals- have hair & mammary
glands -warm-blooded. Most developed systems Monotremes-
(egg laying) duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater Marsupial- (pouched) kangaroo Placental- live young – human,
dog, horse, elephant, seal, bat |
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html